Janus and Gerrymandering
Two cases before the Supreme Court this Term will determine the extent to which political parties can entrench themselves in office. The most obvious of these cases is Gill v. Whitford, which involves the constitutional permissibility of partisan gerrymandering. Gerrymandering is, of course, the classic tool of entrenchment. When a party takes control of the state legislature, they use that control to reshape district lines to ensure that they retain control into the indefinite future. This form of entrenchment has long been critiqued as anti-democratic.
But gerrymandering isn’t the only way that one side can use its power to stay in power. As Daryl Levinson and I pointed out in a recent article, there are multiple ways for parties to entrench themselves, and labor law is actually prominent among them. As we described:
[P]olitical actors intent on entrenching their preferred parties or policies need not resort to manipulating the formal ground rules of elections or legislation. Consider recent changes to public-sector labor law. Labor unions provide essential support to Democratic candidates, mobilizing pro-Democratic voters and funding the logistical and organizational infrastructure of Democratic campaigns. Seeking to defend their hold on power against Democratic challengers, Republican officeholders have enacted restrictive labor legislation for the purpose of weakening unions. In 2011, for instance, the Republican-dominated Wisconsin legislature overhauled the state’s collective bargaining laws to profoundly curtail unions’ ability to participate effectively in politics. In case the purpose of these measures was not apparent, the new restrictions exempted all the unions that had endorsed the Republican Governor in the previous election. The goal was to selectively incapacitate the Republicans’ political opponents. And not just at the state level: as Wisconsin’s Republican senate majority leader put it at the time, “[i]f we win this battle, and the money is not there under the auspices of the unions . . . President Obama is going to have a [] much more difficult time getting elected. . . .” Wisconsin Republicans intent on undermining their political opposition and entrenching their party in office did not need to resort to disfranchisement or gerrymandered electoral districts. They could make use of labor law instead.
Labor law reforms generally are enacted by legislatures. But not always. Janus v. AFSCME presents the Supreme Court with the opportunity to enact – through the First Amendment – a national right-to-work regime for the public sector. In my view, this would be a constitutional mistake. But constitutional analysis aside, such a decision could have massive implications for the balance of political power in the country. A decision in Janus that agency-fee agreements violate the First Amendment would foist onto public sector unions a type of free-rider challenge that most organizations cannot withstand. And, as Karl Rove pointed out long ago, if you want to kill the Democratic Party, you can do get pretty far by hobbling the unions.
